Por qué publicar libros electrónicos o el futuro de la traducción literaria

Hola, ¿qué tal, colegas?
Nos envió Rowena Galavitz este interesante artículo, en lo referente al futuro de la traducción literaria y la edición electrónica; publicado en Frisch & Co. Electronic Books. Acá abajo les dejo el enlace a este interesante "weblog".

http://frischand.co/34/why-i-publish-ebooks-or-the-future-of-literary-translation  


Saludos cordiales,

Jorge Pérez Arteaga.

Why I Publish Ebooks, or the Future of Literary Translation

20 May 2013

—EJ Van Lanen

It so happens that I’ve been publishing literature in translation for a few years, almost ten by now, and as with all other kinds of book publishing pursuits, though it’s made for a pleasant sort of life, it’s been a struggle—whether in trying to succeed with translated books at a larger publisher, finding allies in the internal, and eternal, fight for institutional attention, or at a smaller publisher, where simply maintaining forward momentum, feeling as though you can afford to continue to publish next month’s or next season’s books, let alone have the resources to find the readers your writers deserve, can feel like an overwhelming task. It’s a struggle because the market for translated literature in English has become a small one, one whose size is reflected in the number of books vying for its attention—around four hundred new translated books are published in the US each year, a vanishingly small percentage of the hundreds of thousands of books published each year. The usual scapegoats for this imbalance are the big commercial publishers, for abandoning the field; the national chain bookstores, for destroying independent book-selling, refusing to stock translated books, and, lately, for disappearing; Amazon, for being Amazon; readers, for their lack of curiosity; critics, for their insularity; the media, for ignoring our authors; and the internet, for irreversibly damaging our ability to focus. Given the array of difficulties arrayed against us, publishers of translated fiction would appear to be fighting a losing battle.

However, there is a less frequently discussed source of our problems, one that we have a better chance of addressing and changing: ourselves. There are many things we—publishers and agents, translators and editors—are doing to make the whole business difficult for ourselves, a whole a raft of assumptions we have been making for so long that they no longer seem like assumptions, and we’re currently being given a chance, if we take it, to reassess our situation and find new ways to work together to continue to publish the books we love. I’d like to talk about some of these assumptions; about what effect they’ve had on English-language translation publishing; discuss how and why my publisher, Frisch & Co., was created as an ebook publisher to address some of these assumptions; and suggest new ways to publish translated fiction.

. . .

Part I
First, and for some of you this will be a bit boring, we should discuss how things are traditionally done, and for that it’s necessary to start at the beginning.

Before you can publish a translation, there has to be an original book. So let’s make up one that we can use as an example: we’ll call our book ALTBERG and our fake German publisher Verlag Verlag.

Now, as an editor at an American publisher, and one who (still!) doesn’t read German but who has an interest in publishing translated books, how do I find, out of the hundreds and hundreds of thousands of novels that are being published each year world-wide, any number of which might be interesting to me as a publisher, and given the generally high quality of the novels which are available, since these books have already been published by, in many cases, prestigious publishing houses, to wide acclaim, often internationally, and have won numerous prizes, etc., and given the relatively high percentage of these books for which rights are available, that number approaching one hundred percent, the translation into English market being almost completely wide open, how do I find ALTBERG?

To find these books, I need intermediaries, often an entire network of intermediaries, to guide me toward those books that are most suitable, whatever suitable might mean, for me. And there are many types of intermediaries: institutional ones, the original publishers themselves for example, whom you might meet at book fairs and who send you catalogs of their latest titles; cultural ones, such as the German Book Office, the French Publishers Agency, or the Finnish Literary Exchange, who promote their national literatures by sponsoring trips to their countries or through the publication of sample translations of their important authors; individuals, whether they be translators, bloggers, critics, or other authors, who provide sample translations and make pitches, write reviews, and make recommendations; literary agents, who represent an ever-increasing number of authors; magazines and newspapers, such as Words Without Borders, Granta, orAsymptote, who publish sample translations, or organize themed issues around the literatures of certain countries or languages; or perhaps your publisher has an established network, made up of an amalgamation of these people, who make regular recommendations. Traditionally, it has been important to maintain contacts with all of these groups, to poll them regularly, to read their work, to travel to their countries on editors’ trips, and by pulling together all these disparate bits of information, to choose which books you would like to publish. Managing this whole process, getting to know it intimately so it can begin to work for you, is the work of many years, and the whole business is a black hole which is capable of absorbing all of the energy you direct toward it—no amount of effort will get you close to knowing all there is to know, or to meeting everyone there is to meet, or to reading everything there is to read.

Despite the long odds, lots of books come through the process and find their way into English, and for the purposes of this example, let’s say ALTBERG is just such a book, that it has gotten good reviews in Germany and found an audience there, that it has been selected for New Books in German, has had a sample translated for that publication, was pitched to me by Verlag Verlag at the Frankfurt Book Fair, was recommended to me by a friend who works at a Dutch publisher, and so on, and that there’s something about it that stands out from every other book from every other country that has been pitched to me in the exact same way, that I find it compelling to read, or hope it might be from the forty pages of translation I was able to read, or that a translator I like sent me a small sample of the book, on the off-chance. . ., or I read about the book on a weblog, etc., etc., and it seems like it might sell, that is, be worth the effort of paying for the translation, printing, distribution, then I might find my way to deciding to publish ALTBERG.

. . .

If I’ve decided to pursue ALTBERG, I need to acquire the rights to publish the book in English from Verlag Verlag. When Verlag Verlag bought the rights to publishALTBERG in Germany, they also bought the translation rights, so they can sell the book to other publishers in territories around the world—France, Spain, etc. Some of these languages have their territories split up into different countries. In English, for example, you can buy the rights to publish a book in the US, in Canada, the UK, etc., or some combination thereof. If I’m an American publisher, then, who wants to publish ALTBERG, I would typically buy North American (NA) rights to the book, meaning I can sell the book in the US and Canada; it’s unlikely that I would have the resources to publish the book in the UK, or Australia—maintaining separate offices in the US and the UK is expensive, as is printing in one country and shipping the books to another, and it’s rare that a publisher in the US or UK has the media contacts, bookstore relationships, etc. to be successful in the other—so the original publisher holds on to those rights and tries to find publishers who reside in those territories.

To buy the rights to ALTBERG, I need to negotiate an agreement with Verlag Verlag, and the way this is typically done is through the payment of an advance. For most English language translations, the offer is quite modest, in the neighborhood of a few thousand dollars. Let’s say the offer for ALTBERG is $1,000 USD, just to make the math a bit simpler, for NA rights, with a royalty of 10% on net sales of the paperback edition—and 10% is, again, just to make the math simpler; paperback royalties can start lower and escalate after a certain number of copies (or just be lower, or higher, it depends). This means that Verlag Verlag is guaranteed to receive $1,000 USD, no matter what else happens. After they “earn out” that $1,000 USD, they will get 10% on each copy sold. This is a tricky point, and not being a math person, it took me awhile to wrap my mind around it, so maybe an example would help. Let’s say each copy I sell of the English-language edition of ALTBERG nets me $10. Verlag Verlag would get $1 out of that $10. But since I already paid them $1,000 as an advance, Verlag Verlag wouldn’t start getting that $1 per book until after I had sold 1,000 copies. From copy 1,001 until our contract expires, Verlag Verlag would get $1 from each copy sold, but only $1.

The use of the advance/royalty structure makes a lot of sense: When I buy the rights to ALTBERG in English, I have no idea how many copies I’m going to sell. Neither does Verlag Verlag. I want to sell as many copies as I can, while keeping the advance I pay for the privilege to sell those copies quite low. In other words, I want the advance to earn out, because once the advance earns out, I’m making 90% of the money (setting aside all my costs for the moment). Verlag Verlag is hoping to get as high an advance as possible, so they’re guaranteed to get some money for the rights, while protecting themselves by getting a royalty in case the book sells a lot of copies. The reason I get 90% is because I’m taking the lion’s share of the risks—the book may sell nothing at all, in which case I’m out the advance to Verlag Verlag, the translation costs, the distribution costs, the marketing costs, etc.—and without me, Verlag Verlag wouldn’t be able to realize anything from the foreign rights that they control. So we compromise: I take the risk early, before the book is published and just after it’s published, and they take the risk late—the book may sell more copies than they expect, and they would only get 10% of those sales.

. . .

Now that we have the rights to ALTBERG, we’ll need to have it translated into English, and that means we have to find a translator. Often, a translator is attached to the project already—perhaps they approached me in the first place, translated a sample for the original publisher, or they have a standing relationship with the author. Sometimes, you have to find a translator on your own, which can be as much of a dark art as discovering a book in the first place. You have to find someone whose work you like or, if you don’t know their work or they’re just starting, ask them to translate a sample for you (often on spec); they have to have time to take on the project, which can range from 3-4 months to more than a year, or years, depending on the book; and you have to hope the translator likes the book enough to take on the work—a vanishingly small number of translators can make a living from literary translation, it’s a labor of love.

If you’ve found a translator, and she has time, and the inclination, the two of you need to sign a contract for the work.

Translation contracts also often work on an advance/royalty basis, though they can just as often be simply fee-based. The amount of the advance/fee is generally in the amount of $100 USD per 1000 words, though that can be higher depending on the translator or project. Since book lengths can vary widely, anywhere from 30,000 words to as high as 300,000 words, or higher, the advances can also vary, in these cases from $3,000 to $30,000 USD, and they’re sometimes accompanied by a small royalty of 1 or 2%; I always think of this small royalty as the in-case-of-One-Hundred-Years-of-Solitude clause—were the publisher to sell a million copies, at least the translator would see some of that windfall.

For publishers, the translation costs are a significant burden—they’re almost invariably higher than the costs of buying the publication rights and are usually higher than the costs of printing the books—so publishers do as much as they can to keep these costs low, most often by applying for translation grants to cover some portion of that outlay. These grants are usually paid by foreign cultural organizations—like the Institut Ramon Llull for Catalan authors, the Goethe-Institutfor Germans, or the Fundação Biblioteca National for Brazilians—though there are funding sources in the US and UK as well (ALTA has a big list of funding sources here). But, in most cases, these translation grants cannot be applied for until after the contracts with the original publisher and translator have already been signed, and they’re not paid out until after the books are published. There are also no guarantees that publishers will be granted these awards, nor how large the grants will be if they are awarded.

Things to note: 1) translators are usually paid before the books are available for sale, and well before any grants are received; 2) translators are paid a fee and can’t expect to see any benefit from book sales; and 3) publishers depend on grants to support translations.

. . .

The large publishers have decided that publishing translations is a waste of time, effort, and money, leaving a gap that has been gamely filled by smaller publishers. Smaller publishers have limited financial resources, however, and publishing books, it turns out, is an expensive business. But how much does it cost? Well, assuming the work of editing, designing, and promoting the books is done by fairies, and we’re only talking about the costs associated with the creation, marketing, and distribution of the books, with actually getting your books to the marketplace and making some small effort to get them noticed, it would look something like this (though these numbers are highly variable):

o    Print Run (2,000 copies @ 200 pages each): $4,000

o    Translation Cost: $5,500

o    Author/Publisher Advance: $1,000

o    Marketing: $2,000

o    Distribution: $2,500

o    Shipping: $1,500

o    Total for one edition: $16,500

But if you’re a publisher, you’d like to do more than one book per year, so you can expect your costs to be a multiple of that number; let’s say you would need $165,000 to publish ten books each year. Assuming you’re selling your books to retailers at a discount—you’re always selling books to bookstores at a discount—you would need to sell around 2,750 copies of each of your books. The problem, however, is that translated fiction doesn’t regularly sell in this range, or at least not regularly enough to rely on reaching that number, and once you take salaries into account (sadly, there are no publishing fairies), you can expect your publisher to be operating well in the red.

This creates a gap which much be bridged, and translation publishers are forced to find this bridge-money from third parties, often by becoming non-profits. They generally find the money in governments, whether local (the National Endowment for the Arts, the Arts Council England) or foreign (the Austria Cultural Forum,NORLA, The Icelandic Literature Fund); through rainmaker donations, like the one given to the World Republic of Letters and at Universities, where the losses publisher incur are supposedly offset by the benefits they bring to the University community.

Being dependent on subsidies affects these publishers a great deal. They have to spend significant time fund-raising, writing grants, organizing fund-raising campaigns, and cultivating donors. They have to use their lists creatively, occasionally by creating large, and well-funded, publishing initiatives, which help paper over the revenue gap but at the cost of clogging up their pipelines with books they might not otherwise have chosen to publish. They need to rely on their reader donations to fund critical infrastructure maintenance, like Greywolf did with their website. They have to publish books that are funding-friendly, which can result in a kind of tacit censorship—will I publish books I know have little chance of receiving funding? Partnering with Universities also complicates matters: budgets subject to the whim of ever-changing administrations, and at a time of increasing cost-cutting; classes to teach; student interns to manage; numerous campus stakeholders to satisfy.

There are, of course, for-profit translation publishers, like AmazonCrossing, about which it’s probably necessary to say nothing; or New Directions, who are supported by a strong backlist; or Europa Editions, which was founded by a successful Italian publisher, but even for-profit publishers take advantage of subsidies to support their translators and rely on sponsored editors’ trips to investigate local publishing scenes.

In the main, translation publishing is subsidized publishing.

Part II
If ALTBERG was our example for how things usually to work, I’m going to use my publisher, Frisch & Co., as an example of one way things could work and explain how I’ve structured the publisher to address some of the assumptions which have become embedded in translation publishing.

. . .

I’ve spent a significant amount of time staring at the submissions in my inbox, both on my computer and at the seemingly asexually reproducing piles on my bookshelves, wondering how to make sense of it all: Translators send samples of various lengths in English, which must be read; rights agents send pitch letters attached to books in French, German, Italian, for which you’re supposed to find readers (for free) who will write reader’s reports, though you have no readers, and you would have no way of judging their reports, for good or ill, since you chose them mainly because they could read French (and would do the work for free); publishers send seasonal catalogs which describe their recently-published books, and some of the catalogs are even in English!, though occasionally in such tortured English that it’s difficult to tell what the book is about, let alone whether or not it’s interesting to you; agents email you about their clients, each one more decorated than the last, hoping you might be interested. And in looking at these piles, and the unending list of unanswered emails, in collecting at these samples, hints, in sifting through the recommendations, I would wonder from time to time: Am I treating world literature like a slush pile? Since all of this information is coming from people I’ve come to like, admire, and respect, is it strange that I am treating it, treating them, like a slush pile? With all this information, with all the time I’ve spent pursuing more and more of it, have I done anything, really, to draw closer to discovering good books, that also might sell? In these moments, and more and more lately, it struck me that the entire exercise, as frustrating, pleasurable, and interesting as it was, smacked of hubris: Who the hell am I to. . . ? You know? And then, finally and most of all, couldn’t there be a better way?

Of course, there’s also a reason things are done this way—it works, somehow. I’ve published lots of books I’m very proud of, by incredible authors, and they all came from engaging in exactly this kind of process. I’m sure most of our favorite authors were translated into English in the same way. However, that doesn’t mean it’s the only way to have achieved these kinds of results, and it is very expensive (in all senses of the word) to do things this way.

It occurred to me that if I wanted to start my own translation publisher, and fill so many of the necessary roles myself, that this process was too expensive; and that much of the reason we had done things the way we had, and for so long, was simply because we had, and for so long; and that I would need to find a way to draw a circle around what I could reasonably expect to do. This labor-intensive discovery process fell outside the circle. Once I settled on the necessity of constraint, I had to find a way to make sure that whatever process I did decide on would have good results; I wanted to continue to publish books that I could be proud of.

One of the reasons why world literature could be my slush pile is because there are so few books translated into English, which means that few foreign publishers, including the most significant ones, with long histories of publishing their country’s great authors, could expect to sell the rights of their books into English. If they wanted to sell those rights, find English readers for their authors, they are completely dependent on this convoluted discovery process. They can make every effort to promote their books abroad, but in the end, someone has to approach them and say, We’d like to publish this book in our language. It works in Europe, for the most part, because Europe has a polyglot culture, (and interestingly, and crucially for me, one where English is the lingua franca) and, from an outsiders perspective, European authors move relatively easily from one language to another. But when it comes to the English-language market, this process breaks down. If you look at the list of translations that Chad Post has created and go to the trouble of finding out who originally published those books, you’ll see that, with a few notable exceptions, many of the great European publishing houses are simply underrepresented in English, especially given their outsized influence in their local literary cultures. To the foreign publisher, the results of this discovery process are consistently disturbing.

It’s obvious that a German editor has a better sense of what important books and writers are being published in Germany than I would. But for some reason, we publishers have tended to ignore their advice or treated it, at best, as just another piece of information to consider, which is why you see English translation publishers cherry picking authors from publishers all over the world (to be fair, it pretty much works this way everywhere else as well). But the prestigious publishers are prestigious precisely because they have a history of publishing important books and authors, and if the results of the usual discovery process are more or less random anyway, and I don’t see any other way to describe it, you could do worse than limiting yourself to choosing authors and books only from these publishers, or some group of them (the same could be said of of highly successful commercial publishers). These publishers make it their business to be expert in their literatures, to choose books that have significant literary merit and, since in most cases they still have vibrant literary cultures, ones that sell too. Sometimes, it doesn’t make sense to reinvent the wheel.

What I eventually decided to do was to collect a group of these kinds of publishers in different countries and partner with them. Each year, we’ll choose a few books from their respective lists to publish in English. Rather than treating their tips as a small subset of the larger group of tips I was receiving, I now think of these publishers as a variety of literary scout, or as publishers who, as a part of their normal publishing process, also throw off a kind of literary scouting product; I can use this publishing surplus to guide my own publishing program, and I don’t have to disappear down the rabbit hole of nearly-limitless choice. With a group of five of six partners, I can easily find ten books each year which are both interesting to me as a reader, are important works of literature, and have a good potential of finding an English-language audience.

There are downsides to doing things this way, of course. You’re not casting your net as widely—there are certainly worthy books that Frisch & Co. will miss out on, and ones that I would like to publish—and there is something exciting about feeling as though the world is yours to choose from (I think it was Barbara Epler who described it as picking your favorites from a field of flowers), but it’s a far more efficient process and one that keeps alive the possibility of discovering new and exciting writers, both of which are important to a small publisher like mine.

These kinds of partnerships benefit the original publishers as well. Publishers can guarantee that a certain number of their books will be translated into English each year, no small claim given the facts on the ground. Having an English translation can be a boost to foreign rights sales and can attract authors, many of whom would like to reach an English audience. And what’s more, it can allow for a new kind of relationship to form between publishers.

. . .

In changing the cost structure of publishing, ebooks have also removed a few of the costs that necessitated the advance/royalty structure. The initial costs assumed by the translation publisher are much lower—distribution costs aren’t encountered until after the books begin to sell, there are no printing costs—so they are assuming less risk in acquiring the rights to these books. Therefore, there is less need for them to receive a higher royalty rate to offset their initial outlays. Since the translation publisher can take a lower royalty, there is less of a need for the original publisher to ask for a large advance; they can work with a lower advance in exchange for a higher royalty. And since ebooks are sold online, there is less need to split the rights into different territories. It’s possible for translation publishers to reach a large audience without necessarily having an especially large network of on-the-ground media contacts in different countries, and it may be more efficient to sell English language rights to a single publisher, increasing their overall potential audience.

Partially because of the risks in print publishing, inter-publisher relationships have tended to be one-off and have an adversarial feel—I’m trying to pay the original publisher as little as possible and they’re trying to get as much as possible, and once we’ve agreed on a contract, we may not speak again until, or if, we happen to find another book to work on, or when the royalty statements are due. This adversarial tone also dictated, in a sense, the advance structure we’ve been talking about. But if publishers could form longer-term partnerships, ones that extended to multiple books, perhaps a less adversarial relationship could emerge. When I began to think about what these new partnerships might look like, it occurred to me that, in a certain light, Frisch & Co. could be seen as a service. A service whereby publishers release a few of their books into the English-language market each year, but without incurring any of the up-front costs that would be necessary to launch such an effort on their own. And if I could gather several prestigious publishers together, their books would support each other; in the end, they would be participating in a consortium with other European publishers who have come together, through Frisch & Co., to publish their books into English.

This is a far different sort of relationship than publishers usually have with one another, and it calls for a different kind of advance/royalty structure as well. For example, the original publishers could see their participation in this ‘consortium’ as a kind of investment, foregoing the traditional advance/royalty structure for a higher royalty that would commence much earlier, perhaps with the first book sold. If the books don’t sell, they have lost very little; due to the particularities of the English market, these rights have, for the most part, gone begging anyway. But if the books do sell, they would stand to benefit a great deal, much more than they would by accepting a low advance and a small royalty. Either way, they’ve found a way to reach the English market at a very low cost, and without having to rely on a process that has benefitted them unreliably and only occasionally.

. . .

Like inter-publisher relationships, the translator/publisher relationship has also tended to have an adversarial undertone, and for similar reasons. From the publisher’s perspective, translation is a huge cost, and one they’d like to do everything they can to keep low. Translators know that publishers stand to benefit financially from their work, and they know they can expect to receive relatively little pay for that work, especially considering what they’ve paid, both personally and financially, to even put themselves in a position to begin to do that work, not to mention the unpaid legwork they do in discovering many of these books in the first place, the unpaid translation work they do to create samples, and the unpaid agenting work they do to try to get these books published.

Paradoxically, the subsidies available to publishers have allowed translator rates to remain steady, if still too low, while simultaneously preventing translators from accessing the actual profit-making part of the whole enterprise—the royalties—and ensuring that there are a limited number of translation opportunities available. Like with the advances to the original publishers, translation publishers are willing to pay an advance to translators if they can make sure that they would receive most of the profits, assuming there are any, later. And small publishers can continue, for the most part, to offer these advances because they have access to funding. For translators, the positive side of this arrangement is that they are protected in case the book fails: if the translator gets a $5000 fee and the book sells 200 copies, well, that’s a pity, but at least they were paid $5000 for their work. On the other hand, if the book sells 20,000 copies, they still only get $5000. Realistically, however, the number of copies sold tends to fall somewhere between these two extremes, though closer to the lower end of the scale, and it’s this imbalance—that the translator’s ‘high’ advance plays a role in making publishing these books, without support, financially difficult—which lowers the number of opportunities translators have to translate. By having to rely on subsidies to pay advances, publishers are forced to limit the number, and type, of translations they’re able to do. Of all the players, translators are most dependent upon, and most vulnerable to, the granting organizations.

If publishers and translators were willing to share more equitably, to function more as partners than adversaries, this situation could change, and more translations could be published from more translators and for a wider variety of books. But for this to happen, both sides will need to compromise: publishers will need to share the profits from their sales with the translators at a higher rate, and translators will have to be willing to forego higher initial advances, taking on a larger share of the risk, in exchange for a larger share of the profits. Both parties have to agree to succeed and fail together, to the level that they’re comfortable with, whatever that mean for each specific project, and to choose the books they work on accordingly.

I’m trying to build these kinds of relationships at Frisch & Co. It goes without saying that I will continue to work to find grants for my translators, but my goal is to find a way to publish translations without having to rely on grants, by sharing the profits from the sales of the ebooks with the translators more equitably, which will, I hope, result in translators continuing to be able to pursue the work they care about.

. . .

Around the world, subsidies for culture are being cut, and given the increasingly grim economic news, it’s seems there’s a good chance that these subsidies may shrink further, to levels which won’t sustain translation publishing as it currently exists. We should, of course, continue to fight to reverse this trend, but at the same time, we should be preparing for their reduction or eventual end. What would translation publishing look like if subsidies ended tomorrow? How could we continue to make these books available to English readers without them?

By necessity, Frisch & Co. was created to function well in a reduced-funding environment, and ebooks make functioning in this way possible. Let’s look at what it would cost to publish an ebook, for a book that sells for $10:

o    Print Run: n/a, $0

o    Author/Publisher: ~$3 per copy

o    Marketing: ?

o    Distribution (Amazon, iBooks, etc.): ~$4 per copy

o    Shipping: n/a, $0

o    Total: $7 per copy sold

Since we’re publishing ebooks, there are no printing costs, and the distribution costs are only charged on a per-book basis—there are no up-front distribution costs. And we don’t have to ship the books to any bookstores, or reviewers, so this cost is also zero. This leaves a ‘profit’ of $3 per copy sold for the translator and publisher to split.

There are good and bad sides to publishing only ebooks: if you can manage to keep your other up-front costs low—rights, translation, discovery—or move them to royalties as well, you can publish books very inexpensively (again, assuming publishing fairies). Since your initial costs are low, you can afford to publish whichever books you like, without needing to have worry about subsidies—instead of being a necessity, grants become very nice, you don’t need to rely on them to make your publishing program work. You can distribute your books world-wide, increasing your potential audience beyond the US and the UK; your books would be available to anyone who can read English. The downsides are many: a portion of $3 per book is not a big number, so it’s necessary to be, or to remain, a relatively small publisher; there are no established marketing methods—like sending out physical review copies, for example—and your readers are in many, many more places, meaning you have to make a bigger effort to find them; the size of the market for ebooks of translated literature is a complete unknown (though I imagine it to be a growing one); it’s uncertain how reviewers will treat the books; etc.

What’s important to me, however, is that ebooks will allow me to continue publishing literature in translation; I couldn’t have raised $200,000 or more to found what was likely to be a money-losing proposition anyway, given the realities of traditional print-based translation publishing, and having to face that reality necessitated finding new ways to work. Dedicating my publisher to ebook-only publishing has allowed me to create a structure that distributes both risk and success more equitably. And this is a model that any number of smaller and start-up publishers could take up.

. . .

Publishing is changing, and it’s not going to get any easier, especially for those of us who want to publish translated books. Difficulty is no excuse for not trying, however, and if we hope to continue bringing authors into English, we need to seriously examine our expectations—of process, of readership, of scale, of guarantees, of what must be done and what can be done; to find new way to collaborate—to consider experiment and risk failure; and to take advantage of the opportunities which these unasked-for but undeniable technological changes have provided.

—EJ Van Lanen